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Mars 2020
July 17, 2013
When I was employed in
corporate research, one of our tasks was to prepare
long-range plans. These plans, usually looking towards a five year horizon, would be crafted with extreme care into highly polished
reports and
presentations. Unfortunately, all these were worthless within a year because
management would sell many of the
businesses our research was intended to support.
It's no wonder that they make
industrial-strength paper shredders capable of gobbling whole technical reports in one gulp. Ours were in constant use. As
US president Dwight Eisenhower said, "
Plans are worthless, but planning is everything."
NASA is an organization that devotes significant resources to long-range planning. NASA's long-range plans are often very long range, with horizons decades away. Although NASA suffers from a similar management (i.e.,
congressional) nullification of its plans, many of its planned future missions do materialize. Presently, NASA is considering what it might do on
Mars in 2020.[1-7]
A mosaic image of Mars, assembled from about a hundred Viking Orbiter images.
The images were taken during mid-northern summer on Mars in 1980, and it's amazing we had such a capability more than thirty years ago.
(NASA/JPL-Caltech image.)
NASA hosted a
teleconference on July 9, 2013, to summarize a detailed report prepared by the
Mars 2020 Science Definition Team (SDT). The report is an initial definition of a
2020 rover mission to Mars. Presenters at the teleconference were
John Grunsfeld, NASA's associate administrator for
science,
Jim Green, director of NASA's
Planetary Science Division,
Jack Mustard, SDT chair and
professor of
geological sciences at
Brown University, and
Lindy Elkins-Tanton, SDT member and director of the
Carnegie Institution for Science Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.
The mission appears to accept the idea that
life does not presently exist on Mars; and, even if it did, any
robotic search for life would have a very low
probability of success.[3] SDT chair, Jack Mustard, summarized the situation by saying that remote detection of life is "a darn hard measurement to make and a darn hard measurement to convince the skeptical science community, because scientists are naturally skeptical."[3] Still, Mars does appear to have had warm and wet conditions in the distant past that may have supported simple life forms, such as
microbes, so a search for
fossil evidence of such life is warranted.[1,3]
The report of the Science Definition Team (SDT) is 154-pages in length, and it's the product of five months of work by nineteen
scientists and
engineers from
universities and other
research organizations.[1,4-5] The report outlines the capabilities of a
rover with
instruments for
microscopic analysis to identify
biosignatures; that is, features in the Mars
lithosphere which might have formed
biologically.[1] The rover has other functions to assist in a goal to send
humans to Mars in the 2030s.[1]
The planned 2020 Mars rover is essentially a copy of the
Curiosity rover with a different scientific package. The 2020 mission has a $1.5 billion
budget, so there will be a lot of
technology reuse, such as the
"skycrane" landing system used for Curiosity. NASA will have an open competition to define what instruments will be on the new rover.[1,3] Said John Grunsfeld, "The objectives determined by NASA with the input from this team will become the basis later this year for soliciting proposals to provide instruments to be part of the science payload on this exciting step in Mars exploration."[1]
An artist's conception of the NASA Mars 2020 rover. The similarities to the Curiosity Rover, which landed on Mars in 2012, are apparent.(NASA/JPL-Caltech image.)
The Science Definition Team did discuss the idea of a continued search for present life on Mars, but it decided that a search for remains of ancient life would be a more worthwhile objective.[3] Evidence from Mars exploration up to this point suggests that Mars may have had an environment hospitable to at least
simple life forms in its ancient past.[5] The intended scientific payload for the 2020 rover will look for physical and
chemical traces of life in Martian
rocks.[3]
Although the 2020 rover would have the ability to drill into Martian rock for analysis, as the Curiosity rover does now, its most interesting task will be to package up to 31 samples for return to
Earth during a later mission.[3-5] There are no present plans for return of these specimens to Earth. This would be done in a subsequent mission; and, as
physicist and former
astronaut, John Grunsfeld, says,
"I wouldn't rule out that perhaps human explorers will go and retrieve the cache, you know, in 20-plus years from now, as explorers set foot on Mars... That's an eventual goal: to put astrobiologists and planetary scientists on the surface of Mars."[5]
Prototype Mars core sample return cache. The cache would allow a return to Earth of 31 samples using technology in a subsequent mission. The anticipated core diameter would be about a centimeter. (NASA/JPL-Caltech image, modified for clarity.)
The Mars 2020 rover will do more than search for fossil life. Its investigations will provide information for future human
exploration missions to Mars. Some questions it can answer are the
hazards of
Martian dust, and an analysis of
carbon dioxide resources.[1,5] The Curiosity rover is measuring the
radiation risks on Mars.[3] NASA has a present goal of putting astronauts on Mars sometime in the 2030s, and some of the Mars 2020 rover funding will come from the human space exploration budget.[3]
Lindy Elkins-Tanton, a member of the SDT, said this at the NASA teleconference.
"And one of the very biggest questions for all of humankind is, 'are we alone?' and that is the question we're hoping to make really big advances with with this Mars 2020 mission."[5]
References:
- Dwayne Brown and Guy Webster, "Science Team Outlines Goals for NASA's 2020 Mars Rover," NASA Press Release No. 2013-217, July 9, 2013.
- Guy Webster and Dwayne Brown, "NASA Discusses Mars 2020 Plans in July 9 Teleconference," NASA Press Release No. 2013-214b, July 8, 2013.
- Jonathan Amos,"Next Mars rover to hunt ancient life," BBC News, July 10,2013.
- Barney Henderson, "Nasa's next Mars rover mission to advance hunt for past life," Telegraph (UK), July 10, 2013.
- Suzanne Presto, "Next Mars Rover Could Look for Signs of Past Life," Voice of America News, July 9, 2013.
- NASA/JPL-Caltech, "Proposed 2020 Mars Rover Science Goals," YouTube Video, July 10, 2013.
- Science Definition Team Documents, JPL Web Site.
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